What is ground effect in aviation?

Ground effect refers to the aerodynamic phenomenon that occurs when an aircraft is flying close to the ground, typically within a wingspan or two of the surface. In this situation, the airflow around the wings is altered due to the proximity of the ground, which leads to an increase in lift and a decrease in drag.

As the aircraft approaches the ground, the airflow is influenced by the surface beneath it, causing the high-pressure air below the wing to become compressed. This results in increased lift, allowing the aircraft to maintain flight at lower speeds than would otherwise be possible. Concurrently, drag is reduced because the airflow is more stable and cohesive, which helps improve the aircraft’s overall performance during takeoff and landing phases.

Understanding ground effect is crucial for pilots, as it impacts landing approaches and takeoff techniques. It helps explain why aircraft can float or feel less heavy when they are close to the runway, influencing how landing and takeoff procedures are executed safely.